Hybrid Criminal Liability Based on Risk-Based Approach in Artificial Intelligence-Based Crimes in Indonesia

Authors

  • Mohammad Erfan Universitas Boyolali, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia.
  • Nanik Sutarni Universitas Boyolali, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia.
  • Ananda Megha Wiedhar Saputri Universitas Boyolali, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia.
  • Sri Budi Raharjo Universitas Boyolali, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.38035/gijlss.v4i3.1125

Keywords:

Artificial Intelligence, criminal liability, hybrid liability, risk-based approach, criminal law

Abstract

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has introduced new challenges in criminal law, particularly regarding criminal liability in technology-based crimes. AI systems capable of operating semi-autonomously blur the relationship between the perpetrator, the act, and culpability, rendering the conventional fault-based principle of geen straf zonder schuld increasingly inadequate. This study aims to analyze the existing Indonesian criminal law framework governing AI-related crimes and to formulate an ideal model of criminal liability in response to such developments. This research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that current regulations in Indonesia remain limited and have not comprehensively addressed the complexity of AI-based crimes. Accordingly, this study proposes a hybrid criminal liability model based on a risk-based approach, integrating strict liability, vicarious liability, and risk-based accountability as mechanisms for proportional responsibility distribution without recognizing AI as a legal subject. This model is expected to contribute to the reform of criminal law toward a more adaptive, responsive, and just legal system in addressing AI-related crimes.

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Published

2026-08-22

How to Cite

Erfan, M., Sutarni, N., Megha Wiedhar Saputri, A., & Budi Raharjo, S. (2026). Hybrid Criminal Liability Based on Risk-Based Approach in Artificial Intelligence-Based Crimes in Indonesia. Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences, 4(3), 847–858. https://doi.org/10.38035/gijlss.v4i3.1125

Issue

Vol. 4 No. 3 (2026): (GIJLSS) Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences (July - August 2026)

Section

Articles

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Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Erfan, Nanik Sutarni, Ananda Megha Wiedhar Saputri, Sri Budi Raharjo

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