Designing a Sui Generis Regime for Traditional Cultural Expressions in Indonesian Tourism: Lessons from the Philippines & Thailand
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38035/gijlss.v4i4.1085Keywords:
Traditional Cultural Expressions, Cultural-Based Tourism, Communal Intellectual Property, Cultural Heritage Rights, Legal ProtectionAbstract
The increasing commercialization of Traditional Cultural Expressions (TCEs) within the tourism sector poses risks of misuse, cultural misrepresentation, and inequitable treatment of custodian communities. This study aims to compare the regulatory frameworks governing TCE protection in tourism across Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand, and to formulate an ideal regulatory design to strengthen TCE protection in Indonesia. The research employs a normative legal method, utilizing statutory and comparative approaches. Secondary data, consisting of legislative materials, were collected through library research and analyzed using comparative legal analysis and prescriptive analysis techniques. The findings indicate that all three countries recognize TCEs as intangible cultural heritage requiring protection; however, they differ in their legal constructions of control. Indonesia adopts a state-ownership model, reinforced through communal intellectual property registration and the Law on Cultural Advancement. The Philippines emphasizes a community ownership model grounded in the principle of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC), while Thailand relies on institutional oversight through the Intangible Cultural Heritage Commission. Although Indonesia’s framework aligns with Hadjon’s Legal Protection Theory, it remains largely administrative, fragmented, and insufficient in ensuring effective control by custodian communities. Accordingly, an ideal regulatory framework should be directed toward a sui generis regulatory design incorporating FPIC principles; regulatory delivery through the integration of communal intellectual property registration with tourism licensing and benefit-sharing mechanisms; and regulatory inspection through the establishment of a dedicated TCE supervisory commission.
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Regulations:
Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003
Copyright Act 1994 as amended, most recently Copyright Act (No. 5) 2022
Joint Administrative Order No. 1 of 2016
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 56 Tahun 2022 tentang Kekayaan Intelektual Komunal
Promotion and Preservation of Intangible Cultural Heritage Act 2016
Republic Act 10066 National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 as amended by Republic Act 11961 2023
The Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia tahun 1945
Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta
Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemajuan Kebudayaan
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2007
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